These questions provide practice to assist the biology class to prepare for the Standard Assessment Test. The questions are similar to those which are on the test, but they are not the same questions.
1. What are the following:
a. Viruses
b. eukaryotic bacteria
c. prokaryotic bacteria
2. What is an “organelle?” What do the following organelles do?
a. ribosome
b. mitochondrian
c. Golgi apparatus
d. nuclear membrane
3. What is the difference between eukaryotes and prokaryotes?
a. nucleus
b. protein coat
c. cell membrane
d. ribosome
e. ribosomal RNA
4. What happens during the dark phase of photosynthesis? What happens during the light phase?
5. What do each of the following do?
a. bases
b. sugars
c. fatty acids
d. amino acids
6. What is active transport? Does it require or give up energy?
7. What is facilitated diffusion? Does it require or give up energy?
8. What are the steps involved in protein synthesis? (I gave you an illustration of this.)
9. Why do different cells have or make different proteins?
10. What would produce an inactive protein that is smaller than it otherwise should be?
11. Beside structural functions, what else do proteins do?
12. What is a “codon?” Explain what a mRNA codon does or pairs with during translation.
13. Dr. Frankenstein has spliced plant genes for chloroplasts into the chromosomes of termites. His theory is that when the chloroplasts are exposed to sunshine, they will produce food for the termites so the insects will not need to bore into structural wood for food. Where can you find reliable information on risks or benefits of his idea?
a. T.V. news or radio talk shows.
b. Internet news and blogs, especially “stop.com” (Stall Termites On Photosynthesis)
c. Science journals where other researchers analyze Dr. Frankenstein’s work.
d. Igor, a spokesman for Dr. Frankenstein.
14. What are proteins composed of? Can different proteins (that is, different functions) contain the same number AND sequence of these components?
15. In class, you chewed a cracker until it tasted sweet. You learned that the enzyme “amylase” in your saliva broke the starch in the cracker down to simple sugars. What would taste sweet faster: chewing a whole cracker all at once, or nibbling a little piece? Why?
16. What precisely do ribosomes do? (Detailed explanation)
17. If you have a skin condition, some doctors recommend soaking in salt water? Why? On the other hand, what would happen if you soak in distilled water? What does this suggest to you about the balance of salts in or out of body cells? What would happen if we soaked a stalk of celery in salt water? In distilled water?
18. We demonstrated how DNA is transcribed to messenger RNA which then travels to the ribosome. At the ribosome, transfer RNA’s bearing amino acids bind to the mRNA bases such that a guanine on the tRNA binds to an cytosine on the mRNA, and an adenine on the tRNA binds to a uracil on the mRNA. It takes a set of three bases on the mRNA, called codons, to bind to three opposite bases on the tRNA, called anticodons. Find a genetic code chart in your book. If the anticodon is Adenine-Adenine-Adenine (abbreviated AAA), what amino acid is specified by the codon?
19. Antibiotics lose effectiveness when bacteria mutate. Surviving bacteria then grow to recolonize an infected site. If the genetic material (genome) of the original bacteria is a little different from the genome of the now resistant organisms, what does that tell you about mutations?
20. Sketch the process of protein synthesis starting with the double helix of DNA.
21. Sickle-cell anemia is caused by a mutation that changes the DNA sequence from CAT to CTT. Then, the mRNA codon sequence changes from GUA to GAA and the amino acid that is specified changes from Valine to what? Use the genetic code chart in your book to find out.
22. What is “genetic engineering?” What are some of the success stories due to genetic engineering?
23. What do the following organelles do?
a. nucleolus
b. ribosome
c. lysosome
d. mitochondrian
24. How important is it to be accurate when you observe science experiments?
25. When you study figures, understand them thoroughly before working on the problem that they serve to illustrate.
26. Viruses are a little like aliens in horror stories. Once they infect you, they can add their genetic material to your own. But they can lay dormant for years and, since their genetic material is mixed with yours, it can be transferred to subsequent generations. What does this tell you about trying to “breed” infection out of a plant or animal?
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